Negative Discovery Of Frankenstein - 1636 Words

The Frankenstein that Mary Shelley wrote about changed the perception of the story that was told to me when I was growing up and saw on television. Throughout my childhood, Frankenstein was depicted as a stiff, giant, clumsy monster with a hideous face, scarred green body and with plugs protruding from his neck. Upon reading Frankenstein, I started to view him not as a monster but as someone who was born into a tragic life full of hardships due to his appearance and not his personality. The book begins with the story of a sailor named Robert Walton as he looks for a new passage through the Arctic and relays the tale of his adventure in letters he writes to his sister. Sailing one day, the crew discovers a man nearly frozen to death along†¦show more content†¦Once home Frankenstein realizes the creature he invented is the murderer and decides that he needs to put an end to the monster. The Frankenstein s family house keeper, Justine, was accused and convicted of killing Will iam, and was put to death for her crime. Knowing that the monster he created was responsible, Victor was consumed with guilt. The monster appeared to Victor while he was grieving and demanded that he create a female version of himself so he would have a companion. If Victor did not comply with his horrible creation, the monster threatened to kill his family and friends. Victor reluctantly agreed to his ultimatum. His friend, Harvey, unknowing of the plan accompanied him on his trip back to the university to gather his equipment. Victor went to a sparsely inhabited island where he could work without being disturbed. After replicating a female version of the monster, Victor ended up destroying it. The monster witnessed this and became enraged and left. Upon returning the monster asked Victor if he was going to fulfill his promise. Victor said he would not make another demon such as himself. He told Victor he had been warned and there would be consequences. â€Å"I will be with you on your wedding-night† (pg. 123). As Victor was returning to the mainland, he discovered that his friend Harvey had been murdered, and he knew the culprit had to be the monster. Being wrongfully accused of his friend sShow MoreRelated The Dangers of Science in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay example1019 Words   |  5 PagesMary Shelleys Frankenstein Mary Shelleys novel Frankenstein cannot merely be read as a literary work of the early 19th century. It represents the workings of young Shelleys mind. Further, it represents the vast scientific discoveries of the time, combined with Mary Shelleys intuitive perception of science. She views science as a powerful entity, but also recognizes the dangers if uncontrolled. Shelley demonstrates this fear in the book as science drives Victor Frankenstein to create his monsterRead MoreA Caveat to the Pursuit of Knowledge1000 Words   |  4 Pagesa friend appears to be mad at you? Wouldn’t it be incredible if you had a foolproof way of finding out without having to ask? On the other hand, what if your method of magically unearthing the reason behind his or her anger also led you to the discovery that this â€Å"friend† does not, in fact, even like you at all? This kind of situation, where determining a solution may have the unintended side-effect of revealing undesirable know ledge, may occur in scientific pursuits. By its very nature, scientificRead MoreThe Pursuit Of Knowledge And Scientific Discovery1223 Words   |  5 PagesFrankenstein, written by Mary Shelley, explores the theme of the pursuit of knowledge and scientific discovery through the main characters; Victor Frankenstein, the Creature and Robert Walton. This pursuit of knowledge drives the plot of the novel, leading Victor to create the Creature in his attempt to break down the mortal barriers that surround him and unlock the secret of life. Robert Walton’s quest for discovery leads him to the North Pole, far beyond the reach of Humans at that time. UltimatelyRead MoreShelley s Views Of The Dangers Of Knowledge1679 Words   |  7 Pagesdangers of knowledge contained in her novel Frankenstein â€Å"You seek for knowledge and wisdom, as I once did; and I ardently hope that the gratification of your wishes not be a serpent to sting you, as mine had been,† this fragment of Victor Frankenstein’s conversations with Robert Walton exemplifies Mary Shelley’s views of the dangers of knowledge, in her novel, â€Å"Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus,† where main characters Robert Walton and Victor Frankenstein ruthlessly peruse knowledge. The themeRead MoreThe Consequences Of Cloning In Frankenstein By Mary Shelley1470 Words   |  6 Pagescloning, both a blessing and a curse, can possibly enable humanity to reach eternal life. An invention is the creation of a device developed after a study or an experiment, in the hopes of benefiting society. The novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley is about an inventor, Victor Frankenstein, who creates life that he later rejects. His invention results in consequences for both himself and his creation. Both cloning and the creation of the monster was made to benefit and advance society’s knowledge. CloningRead MoreVictor Frankenstein Destruction Through Discovery1746 Words   |  7 PagesLanguage 11 28 Oct. 2017 Destruction through Discovery Summarizing the theme of the novel, Victor Frankenstein stated, â€Å"If the study to which you apply yourself has a tendency to weaken your affections, and to destroy your taste for those simple pleasures in which no alloy can possibly mix, then that study is certainly unlawful, that is to say, not befitting the human mind† (34). When initially considered, the concept of â€Å"gaining knowledge† or â€Å"discovery† is generally viewed with a sense of positivityRead MoreThe Elements Of Gothic Fiction In Mary Shelleys Frankenstein1717 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Frankenstein†, written by author Mary Shelley is a classic example of literature written during the Victorian era. Simultaneously, it also constitutes a lot of elements of â€Å"Gothic Horror†. However, understanding the setting and genre of the book is crucial to enjoyment of the novel. Though, the main character of the novel - Victor Frankenstein - resides in Switzerland, the book takes place throughout many locations in the book. Some of which include, Ingolstadt, London, and Edinburgh. Moreover,Read MoreHumanity s Fault And Strength, Ambition For The Unknown1322 Words   |  6 PagesThe answer lies in the ambition to do what no one has accomplished, either in spite of upbringing, the will to pronounce uniqueness, or to accomplish something of importance in the hopes it provides advancement for humanity. For example, the book Frankenstein expels all the wrongs that can appear from tinkering with the idea of reanimation of what once died, but now walks among us once again. Reminding us of what could happen when the question of could it be done becomes more important instead of shouldRead MoreAt First Reading Mary Shelley’S Novel Frankenstein Appears1709 Words   |  7 PagesAt first reading Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein appears to be part of the gothic or horror genre, but further examination of this novel reveals many concepts and perspectives that are related to other genres of English literature. Along with possessing various conceptual ideas this novel brilliantly highlights the characteristics of men, which many authors have credited Mary Shelley’s understanding of the opposite gender as exceptional. Throughout this novel there can be identified three maleRead MoreThe Transcending of Personality: Prometheus and Frankenstein, Lord Byron and Napoleon588 Words   |  3 Pages Frankenstein by Mary Shelley exhibits an Eighteenth Century intellectual who travels into â€Å"the land of mist and snow† by assembling a creature of unimaginable size and granting it life. In the classical Greek myth Prometheus, written by Donna Rosenberg and Sorelle Baker, a powerful Titan creates mankind and provides it with fire, a gift stolen from Zeus. Prometheus and Victor Frankenstein’s character parallel each other ac ross time. Victor Frankenstein and the Greek Titan Prometheus are very similar

Redevelopment of Salford Quays Free Essays

In the 19th century the city of Manchester was at the heart of the industrial revolution; it was a thriving port and the centre of Lancashire’s textile industry. Yet, by 1950 business had declined to an all-time low. The canal journey had become too slow and therefore uneconomical for factories and companies. We will write a custom essay sample on Redevelopment of Salford Quays or any similar topic only for you Order Now The port could no longer respond to the pressures placed on it by the changes in technology. The docks lay neglected and derelict. Vandalism and crime rates were high, as was unemployment (the city had depended on the docks for jobs). However, with the help of government funding, grants and publicity the city began to address its social, economic and physical problems resulting from past industrial decline. In 1985 Salford began its huge re-development scheme, construction continued up until 1993 and now is a perfect example of successful inner-city redevelopment. All the decisions that were made were complex and had to consider what land uses were to be located where and how much land to devote to each competing demand or problem. The construction work alone provided around four hundred jobs, and the area now provides employment for over 6,000 people, leading to the fastest drop in unemployment ever within the Greater Manchester area. Community Schemes have been aimed at improving the quality of schools has kept the youth unemployment rates low. The new Heritage Centre also provides an educational service to schools, colleges and the public. Primary school pupils through to university students use Salford Quays for learning purposes. Salford Quays has addressed other problems too such as vandalism, crime rates, poverty and the lack of investment and funding in Greater Manchester. Organizations such as the New Deal for Communities programme and other funding (over i100 million in lottery funding has been invested) based in Salford Quays have worked at putting money back into the Greater Manchester community. The Salford Partnership also launched a community plan; all of which demonstrates a commitment to working to achieve change. Plans such as these have improved living conditions and lead to a drop in poverty rates. To keep investment into the area high, over 300,000 feet of office space was built attracting companies into the area. Well known companies such as Kellogg’s, Rank Hovis, Ford Trucks and Konica all have offices in Salford Quays. Facilities at such buildings as the MGM Cannon cinema and Copthorne Hotel, because of their location, car parking and accessibility attract people from the local area as well as other parts of Greater Manchester. In addition, a high of local pride has been generated that, together with higher income (due to greater employment) and places to go, has lead to a reduction in vandalism and crime. Easy access to Salford Quays via a Metro link, as well as entrances to the region’s motorways, railways and the city centre of Manchester has resulted in a rise of tourism. Places such as the Lowry Museum, the Imperial War Museum North, as well as the overall design of the area attract large numbers of visitors every year. This has increased the amount of money that has been invested into the area. The redevelopment has made Salford Quays an attractive place to visit, work and live; it has also been a model for other cities to follow. The social and economic benefits have been felt throughout Greater Manchester and the North West. How to cite Redevelopment of Salford Quays, Papers

Mental Health Nursing Practice

Question: Discuss about theMental Health Nursing Practice. Answer: Introduction Duty Care with Example: The duty of care is the legal obligation in taking a responsible care to avoid causing harm. Nurses and other healthcare professionals posses duties to provide care to their patients. If they have short of expected standard cares, they are included with negligence. The term is sometimes referred with legal and the professional duties of the medical professionals. Example: A nurse might fail to advice the doctor with variation about the different symptoms of the patients, or about the particular drug that had been administered to the patient. This failure to advice and failure to act accordingly includes in the negligence. There are independent nurse practitioners who act and do their job independently of the hospitals, where they have their own medical insurances. Principles and Propositions of the Recovery Model: The principles of the recovery of the mentally oriented practices are related to all ten national standards. The principles for the recovery-oriented mental health make a service which is delivered in the supportive ways like: Uniqueness of the Individual: This includes the recovery-oriented part of the mental health practices. Reorganization of the recovery which is necessary and not necessary about the cure of having the opportunities for the choices of living. As the recovery results and outcomes are personal for each and move beyond the exclusive health focus to involve the social aspect and quality of life. Real choice: It supports the individual to acquire their strengths, and responsibilities. It is to ensure a balance between the duty of care and support for the individuals for taking positive risks. Rights and attitudes: It involves in listening and learning which is important for an individual. It also helps the individual to improve their attitude in maintaining a developed social life, recreational, occupational, and vocational activities, etc. Communication: it values the importance of sharing information and possesses a cleared communication level. It also defines about the realistic ways with the individuals and their careers which would initiate them to realize their own hopes and other expectations of the individuals. Evaluation of recovery: The service demonstrates about the key outcomes that indicate recovery. The outcomes are such as employment, social and family relationships, housing, health and well-being, etc. Respect and dignity: The inclusive factor is the sensitivity to respect other individuals. Specifically for the values and the belief and cultures which are more relation to the individual human in different ways. It includes the factors like: being courteous, respectful and honest in all aspects of life (Samaras et al. 2014). Extra Pyramidal Side Effects of Antipsychotics: Antipsychotics are a part of psychiatric medication which is majorly used to manage psychosis, including hallucination, paranoia, schizophrenia, etc. The extra pyramidal side effects of antipsychotics include: physical symptoms, including tremor, akasthesia, distress, slurred speech. These side effects are due to the improper dosing of or unusual reactions of the antipsychotic, majorly neuroleptic medications. Some of the side effects of the antipsychotics are as follows: Side effects enlisted description 1. Loss of energy This is specifically seen in patients suffering from Akinesia. The individual may suffer from lifelessness, etc. The other disease may involve which cause energy stress in the body due to mental health disorders. 2. Stress for un-motivation At this stage of mental illness the individual have the feeling of like zombies, and other conditions may also include with numbness of the individual. Eg: Akinesia, etc. 3. Drowsiness and daytime sedation This is basically due to the excessive sedation of the drugs and improper dosage of the drugs. 4. Too much of sleep This is due to excessive antipsychotic medications. 5. Muscles to tense Medications can make the muscles firm made affect the muscular fibers to a great extent. 6. Shaking of the muscles This is due to excessive tremor. The repetitive shaking of the muscles may result in the side effects of the antipsychotic medication. Common Symptoms of Hypomania: Hypomania is described as the mood state or the energy that is elevated above the normal conditions of the individual. The symptoms which are involved are the elevation of the moods and irritable moods, decreased sleep, more talkative than usual, goal-directed ability, and also include exclusive ability to do pleasurable activities. It also affects the inflated self-esteem of the individuals (Samara et al. 2016). Criteria on Which a Person can be Detained Under the Mental Health Act: According to the section 2, 3, 4, and 5 of the Mental Health Act of 1983 and 2007 it is stated that the individual who is suffering from the mental health condition includes the detention and sectioning' of the different symptoms of the patients. The mental act also allows the people to arrange and include the Community Treatment Orders, the individual with the different attitude and different activities includes the acceptance of the individual in the mental health law. SSRIs: SSRIs are the newest type of anti depressants drugs which are known to reduce the serotonin amount which is absorbed by the pre-synaptic neuron. Due to this reabsorption, much of the serotonin remains synaptic gap for a longer duration in the depressed patients. They relax depression by interfering with the natural occurring neurotransmitters by blocking them. The change in the serotonin balance helps the brain cells to ease down and boost the mood. They are called the selective neurotransmitters because they mostly affect the serotonin. ECT or Electroconvulsive Therapy: ECT or electroconvulsive therapy is a technique where the small currents of electricity pass through the brain which triggers seizure intentionally. It causes a change in the chemistry of the brain which could efficiently reverse the symptoms of the mental disorders. In this procedure, the patient is made to sleep under the effect of general anesthesia. Then a muscle relaxant is given in this condition, and the electrodes are applied to the patient's scalp to deliver the electric current which causes the seizure. This seizure caused is controlled by the medications so that there is no movement n the patient body and when the patient wakes up he does not remember anything of the treatment. Patient Assessment: If a patient is suffering from the breathing problem and chest pain then the following assessments has to be made: X-ray of the chest: this diagnosis is important because it gives much of information like consolidation which could be seen in pneumonia, hyper-expansion of the lungs which could detect asthma and COPD, pneumothorax, interstitial edema to detect pulmonary edema and ARDS and pleural effusions in the patients. Ultrasound of lung: this is the second type of diagnosis which could detect basics of echocardiography to check for the strains on heart, dilated auricles or dilated ventricles or pericardial effusion or tamponade. Pulse Oximetry is the third type of assessment which is like a non-invasive methods which give relevant information about the patient oxygenation. The arterial blood gas is the fourth type of assessment which could be done to the patients to have an idea about hypoxia, hypercarbia or the presence of acidosis. Spirometry is the another tool of assessment for measuring the shortness of breath and is mostly done in the emergency. ECG is the assessment which is done by the doctors immediately in such cases to look for any heart infarction and ischemia in the complaining patients (Ponterotto 2015). Example of a Situation to Maintain Confidentiality with a Consumer: The medical professionals have the responsibilities to maintain the confidentiality of the patients and their physical illnesses. Therefore, the example may include the confidentiality of the hospitals with the customers or the patient according to the disease related to the patient even to the family of the patient in accordance of the will of the patient. Metabolic syndrome: Metabolic syndrome is defined as the biochemical process which is involved in the bodys normal functioning. The conditions would increase the habits of the disease related to the metabolic disorders of the body. The disease may include the heart disease and the disease related to the metabolisms of the body. Problems for People Taking Psychotropic Medication: Consumptions of the psychotropic medication may increase the chance of the chronic diseases like diabetes, hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, etc. Therefore, the patients who are suffering from mental illness and are prescribed with the antipsychotic drugs majorly refuse to consume. Nursing Responsibilities: Nursing duties or the nursing responsibilities includes several conditions and action such as: observation and monitoring the condition of the patients. The patients are administered by the medical professionals including the nurses. They also have the responsibilities manage the intravenous lines of the patients and also includes the conditions of the patients and report it too the doctor for the desired treatments of the patients. Treatments for the Bipolar Disease: The two bipolar disease treatments are Mood Stabilizers, and antipsychotics, etc. Details: Mood stabilizers: These are like Valproate, works as antiseizure drugs, it has more rapid action than lithium. (Lithium is a simple metal, in pill form helps in controlling of mood swings). Antipsychotics: These are those drugs which control hypomanic episodes (Pietrzak et al. 2015). References: Pietrzak, R.H., Johnson, D.C., Goldstein, M.B., Malley, J.C. and Southwick, S.M., 2015. Perceived stigma and barriers to mental health care utilization among OEF-OIF veterans.Psychiatric services. Ponterotto, J.G., 2015. Qualitative research in counseling psychology: A primer on research paradigms and philosophy of science.Journal of counseling psychology,52(2), p.126. Samara, M.T., Dold, M., Gianatsi, M., Nikolakopoulou, A., Helfer, B., Salanti, G. and Leucht, S., 2016. Efficacy, acceptability, and tolerability of antipsychotics in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a network meta-analysis.JAMA psychiatry,73(3), pp.199-210. Samaras, K., Correll, C.U., Mitchell, A.J. and De Hert, M., 2014. Diabetes risk potentially underestimated in youth and children receiving antipsychotics.JAMA psychiatry,71(2), pp.209-210.

The Problem of Speech Genres

The excerpt â€Å"the problem of speech genres† explores the infinite diversity of speech. The manner in which a speech is delivered is said to be unique in every sense or piece of literary work. Speech is said to only have relevance in its immediate context. Once the style and words used in the delivery of a certain speech are moved to another domain, they become irrelevant.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Problem of Speech Genres specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This inconsistency makes the classification of the types of speech into definite levels difficult. Styles that are common to certain professions or disciplines may give insight into the general orientation of the orator. The genres and styles have a relationship that cannot be changed or modified. In addition, the excerpt argues that style is complex and that it determines the nature of the grammar used in a specific speech. The author stipul ates that communication is the ultimate goal of an utterance and the entire speech. The listener should construct a response according to his or her understanding of the utterances in the speech. The author articulates that an utterance must have a comprehensive meaning and should not be confused for sentences. The excerpt argues that styles used by a speaker are likely to be related to one unique genre. However, the entire speech is related to a standard language common to many people. The author emphasizes that the orator has to have a certain degree of familiarity with the discipline in question to be able to formulate the most apt composition of the speech. Furthermore, words in a speech are given their appropriate meaning by the utterance in which they are contained. In this regard, their primary meaning in the language is discarded. In addition, each utterance must be able to provide a link between preceding and the succeeding ideas in a speech. The orator continuously evaluat es previous utterances in order to construct a meaningful speech. Once the orator understands the current situation, he or she can create a succeeding utterance. The author succeeds in expressing the diversity of styles of speech in relaying verbal information. The details of a speech are explained and their unique nature extracted. In addition, the author explains the most effective way of creating a communication link using speech.Advertising Looking for essay on rhetoric? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although the author breaks down speech communication into its details, the relationship between various styles is not explored. Consequently, this seems to depict genres and different styles as independent languages. This essay on The Problem of Speech Genres was written and submitted by user Aiyana Hurst to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Making of a Cause and Effect Essay on Biomedical Physiology

The Making of a Cause and Effect Essay on Biomedical Physiology Writing an essay is one task every student must accomplish throughout his or her educational career. This is due to the fact that it teaches the average person how to organize his or her thoughts and put them clearly on paper in the attempt to get other readers to understand ones point of view. In order to do this, there are different forms in which one can write an essay and here, we will be providing you with some tips on how to write a cause and effect essay on biomedical physiology. As the name suggests, a cause and effect paper  is usually written as a means to explore how certain situations directly lead to a reaction. To simplify the above definition I shall use the following example: the lack of adequate surgical equipment in the 18th century- cause- led to studies in human physiology which created the backbone for the innovative surgical equipment now in use in the 21st century- effect. Here you can see how a cause created a situation which needed to be resolved and was indeed resolved. 1. A Good Introduction As with every essay you will be tasked with writing in the future, the use of an excellent introductory paragraph is recommended. This introduction must attempt to explain your chosen topic on biomedical physiology- and this link contains 20 topics for a cause and effect essay on biomedical physiology - as well as what your essay intends to achieve. Simply put, the introduction sets the tone for your entire body of work. 2. Structuring the Essays Body The structure of your essays body is what will determine if you have truly understood the job you have been tasked with. When writing a cause and effect essay, your body must consist of the following: a cause and an effect. Including this shows that you have truly grasped the assignment given to you. As explained earlier, a cause serves as the entire reason why an effect was put in motion or became necessary to counter that cause. Not including both factors in your essay means that you will end up either writing a narrative or an argumentative essay. 3. Both Factors Must Correlate The cause and effect essay is only written accurately when the effects are a direct result of whatever caused them. Putting two unrelated situations together will definitely not get you the top marks you expect. 4. An Excellent Conclusion An excellent concluding statement is a prerequisite for every essay and this is same for a cause and effect essay. Once you have laid out the body of your paper, the next step is rounding off your thought process. If writing about biomedical physiology a good way to end your essay after outlining or explaining your effects is to discuss the future of these effects and the role science will play in the continued advancement of your outlined effects. So here are some of the more important tips on writing a cause and effect essay on biomedical physiology and other subject matters. To further simplify your research, extra articles have been provided for you such as this article on 10 facts for a cause and effect essay for biomedical physiology.

25 Things Every New Italian Language Learner Should Know

25 Things Every New Italian Language Learner Should Know So you’ve decided to learn Italian? Hooray! Deciding to learn a foreign language is a big deal, and as exciting as it can be to make that choice, it can also be overwhelming to know where to start or what to do. What’s more, as you dive even more deeply into learning, the number of things you need to learn and all the things that confuse you can start to demotivate you. We don’t want that to happen to you, so heres a list of 25 things that every new Italian language learner should know. When you go into this experience with clear, realistic expectations and a better idea of how to handle uncomfortable moments, it can often make the difference between those who say they’ve always wanted to learn Italian and those who become conversational. 25 Things Every New Italian Language Learner Should Know There is not even one â€Å"Learn Italian Quick† program that will be your be-all-end-all. There is no lightning in a bottle for Italian. There are hundreds of great, high-quality resources, many of which I can recommend, but know, above all, that YOU are the person learning the language. As polyglot Luca Lampariello often says, â€Å"Languages cannot be taught, they can only be learned.†In the beginning stages of learning, you will learn a ton, and then as you near that blessed intermediate level, you’ll have a period where you feel like you’re not making any progress. This is normal. Don’t get down on yourself about it. You actually are making progress, but at that stage, more effort is required, particularly when it comes to spoken Italian. Speaking of†¦Learning how to sound fluid and natural in Italian requires a lot of speaking practice and not just listening, reading, and writing practice. As you’re able to form longer sentences an d have a larger stockpile of vocabulary, you’ll want to find  a language partner. For some people, speaking can start from day one, but it depends on your experience, and a language partner can help you stay in this for the long-haul, which is critical because... Learning a language is a commitment that requires devotion (read: studying on a daily basis.) Start with a so-easy-you-can’t-say-no routine at first, like five minutes a day, and then build from there as studying becomes more of a habit. Now that you’re a language learner, you’ve got to find a way to weave it into your daily life.It’s meant to be fun, and it’s also absurdly gratifying- especially when you have your first conversation where you can connect with someone. Make sure to engage in activities that you find joy in. Find fun YouTube channels, work with tutors who make you laugh, find Italian music to add to your playlists. But know that...You will try to like Italian music, but you will probably be disappointed.  You will be able to understand more than you’ll be able to say. This is to be expected since at first, you’ll be taking in more information (listening and  reading) than you’re putting out (writing and speak ing).BUT, EVEN THEN...you may study for a long time and then feel brave enough to watch some Italian TV and not understand more than 15 percent  of what they’re saying. That’s normal, too. Your ear isn’t used to the rate of speech yet and lots of things are in dialect or contain slang, so be gentle with yourself. There is a thing in Italian where you have to make your nouns, adjectives and verbs agree in number and gender. This will happen with pronouns and prepositions, too. No matter how well you know the rules, you will mess up. It’s not a big deal. The goal is to be understood, not perfect.And in that same vein, you will definitely make mistakes. They are normal. You will say embarrassing things like â€Å"ano - anus† instead of â€Å"anno - year.† Laugh it off, and think of it as one entertaining way to acquire new vocabulary.You will get confused between the imperfect and the past tense. Just consider that challenge as a recipe you keep on tweaking. It will always be edible, but it could still be better.You will overuse the gerund tense when you mean to use the present tense. This and a host of other problems will arise from your  depending on English to inform your Italian.  You will totally forget to use the past tense during conversations. Our brains like to go to what’s easiest, so when we’re nervous while trying to have a conversation with a native speaker, it defaults to what’s easiest, which is often the present. And while you’re having those early conversations, you will feel like you lack a personality in Italian. As you learn more, your personality will re-emerge, I promise. In the meantime, it could be helpful to make a list of phrases that you often say in English and ask your tutor for the Italian equivalents.You will say â€Å"yes† to things you meant to say â€Å"no† to and â€Å"no† to things you meant to say â€Å"yes† to. You will order the wrong thing when youre dining out. You will ask for the wrong size when youre shopping. You will get a lot of weird stares from people trying to understand you, and you will need to repeat yourself. It’s all okay, and nothing is personal. People really want to know what you’re saying.When you visit Italy, anxious to put your Italian into action on its home turf, you will be English-ed, and it’s not meant as an insult.You will constantly wonder whether you should be using the â€Å" tu† or the â€Å"lei† form with all people everywhere that ever existed. At some point (or more realistically, several points), you will lose motivation and fall off the Italian studying wagon. You’ll also find new ways to get back on it. You will be impatient to reach â€Å"fluency.† (Hint: Fluency isn’t a real destination. So enjoy the ride.)You will consider using Google Translate for everything. Try not to. It can easily become a crutch. Use dictionaries like WordReference and Context-Reverse first.Once you learn how to use the word â€Å"boh,† you will start using it all the time in English.You will love the colorful proverbs and idioms that differ from English. ‘Who sleeps doesn’t catch fish’  instead of ‘the early bird catches the worm’? Adorable.Your mouth will feel weird pronouncing unfamiliar words. You will feel insecure about you’re speaking. You will think you should be further along. Remember that feeling uncomfortable means you’re doing something right. Then, ignore those negative thoughts and keep studying.You will forget that communication is about more than a perfectly constructed sentence and will try to learn the language through just studying the grammar. Resist the temptation for everything to be structured.But most importantly, know that you will, after practice and devotion, be able to speak Italian- not quite like a native, but comfortable enough to do the things that matter, like make friends, eat authentic Italian food, and experience a new country from the eyes of someone who is no longer a typical tourist. Buono studio!

Designing and managing networks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Designing and managing networks - Essay Example ere are principles that are consistent with standards set by the UK public inquiries Act and according to Justice Cory criteria for conduction of public inquiries. These principles are (Longworth, 1999); It should also be understood that public inquiries are neither prosecutions nor trial cases but rather seeking answers about a criminal or civic liability of any organisation or person hence it does not express any solution (Hamerton-Kelly, 1999). It operates by way of public hearing and that members of the media or public are invited to participate in the hearing process. Evidence is heard by the public inquiry panels commonly referred to as commission counsel. It also operates the way a court of law conducts its business but the rules here are different because no individual pleads guilt or not guilt. Witnesses are cross examined one by one until all parties are satisfied that they have exhausted the evidence required (Hamerton-Kelly, 1999) Organisations and governments usually form public inquiries with the sole purpose of investigation and reporting any matter with substantiality of interests within among members of the public which relate to any public organisation within a specific jurisdiction or good governance violation (Schà ¶n, 2001). Most public inquiries work under the terms and reference orders specified by either the government or the organisation that ordered the inquiry. Public inquiries are paid by the government or institutions it is intended to advice on the matter. (Derksen, 2005) Organisational learning is the acquisition and development of knowledge and skills within a given organisation in order to improve their outcomes with reference to the goals and objectives of the company. These outcomes may be the overall efficiency of the organisation, creating and maintaining competitive advantage, better performances etc. in the face of changing situations, organisational leaning helps restore settings and resolve any problems that might exist.

Annotated references Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Annotated references - Essay Example This model was evaluated and later on proven successful to both teachers and learners. Conversely, there are issues cited in the article, which still remain lacking in this model. This is with regard to the safety of the program and how to win the teacher’s trust versus imparting the right knowledge in children. In particular, this article is helpful in the development of early childhood. This is with an aim of empowering both teachers and children in the line of acquiring high quality education. The authors intend to enhance efficiency and boosting quality of learning in children. The article is relevant to the curriculum with regard to the choice of words and noteworthy sources used. Ultimately, the sources used target the development of early education. For example, the model helps teachers in comprehending what they do clearly and much more helps them see the value of articulating their practices effectively, such as integrating young children with the old in order to have the young learn from the old. The authors, Blank, Damjanovic, Peixoto da Silva and Weber (2012), present a multi-case study that provides an explanation of early childhood and teachers with their experiences when executing project work in present-day classrooms. The authors put emphasis on the challenges that teachers encounter during the implementation process of the project work. This entails how they responded to both developing professional knowledge and skills on the subject of the project strategy and to the available practices considered in the specific school perspectives. This article provides a description of operational project work in a study of three classes with an aim of illustrating main arguments from each of the specific scenarios. The article also presents a construed argument that merges the three scenarios. Finally, the authors indicate what teachers’ encounter while putting

The Human Function in Plato and Aristotle Essay Example for Free

The Human Function in Plato and Aristotle Essay Plato and Aristotle have similar perspectives about human function. They also share some of their ideas about how human function is related to other philosophical notions such as virtue, good, justice, and the soul. According to Aristotle the chief good (and the human function, which has its end in itself) is happiness. But his definition of happiness is different from what ordinary people usually think. Happiness is neither pleasure nor wealth, nor is it even a kind of honor (Nicomachean Ethics, Chapter 5). It is rather a final state and all human activities attempt to reach this final state. Plato holds that the human function is justice and that it ensures happiness for both the individual and the society when practiced correctly. But this ideal of justice is not for individuals who have special professions or â€Å"crafts. † Justice is rather an ideal that every person should pursue for himself/herself. While their definitions seem to be more or less similar, the two philosophers differ on the relative importance of these notions. That is to say, while according to Plato justice is the most important ideal (and happiness is its derivative), Aristotle holds the opinion that happiness is the most significant good which has its end in itself. A correct definition of happiness however is not simple pleasure, according to Aristotle, but a state of moral well-being (which assumes both justice and virtue.) The two philosophers agree on the issue that in order to be happy, we must exercise our human function (and reach the ideals this function requires). They also seem to agree that the human function (justice for Plato, happiness for Aristotle) is impossible to exercise without being virtuous. All these concepts refer to each other and they sometimes even seem more or less equal. This paper will therefore argue that the two philosophers share similar views on the nature of the human function and how happiness and virtue relate to this notion. It will also be argued, however, that they disagree on the relative importance of these concepts (and that some of their philosophical definitions are different). The human function in Book I of Plato’s Republic is defined towards the end of the book, on pages 29 to 31. Plato’s definition of the human function comes after a long and complex argument on the nature of wealth, justice, craft, and virtue (and how they all refer to each other). Plato does not seem to favor the particular idea that justice is a kind of craft [techne] (Republic, 7.) â€Å"Craft† here is taken to mean something similar to â€Å"business† or â€Å"expertise† and some crafts mentioned in that part of the dialogue are: cooking, medicine, boatbuilding, horse breeding, being the captain of a ship, lyre playing, â€Å"soldiery and musicianship† etc (Republic 6-9). What all these crafts have in common is that they are individualistic and not universal. Justice will therefore differ from this definition because the exercise of justice is a universal goal. Justice therefore cannot be a kind of techne and there are two major reasons for this exclusion. The first reason is that if justice is a kind of techne, then only those who have justice as their profession would be expected to exercise justice, as opposed to all human beings (only those who have justice as their profession). It makes no difference whether an individual is a cook or a doctor or a boat-builder or a horse breeder in that regard: every professional individual is expected to be just and virtuous in his/her life. The second reason is related to the earlier discussion about the nature of wealth and how it relates to happiness and morality. If justice is a kind of techne, that would mean that the person who exercises justice could make money out of it, being a professional. â€Å"Justice† in that regard would be nothing but another kind of business to earn a living. Plato however rejects this idea very strongly: justice cannot be bought or sold. Justice is a kind of human good but it is neither material nor has a fixed price. Justice is superior to wealth, since it is â€Å"a thing more valuable than even a large quantity of gold† (Republic, 13). When we come to the final pages of Book I, we see that Socrates gives the example of the human body to illustrate what justice means. The specific function of the human ear is to hear, the specific function of the human eye is to see, etc. And the function of the human body as a whole is to be healthy and harmonious. The soul has the special function of ruling over the body in a way that will ensure the happiness of the whole. That is the say, the soul is responsible for both its own happiness and the well-being of the body (which it commands). There are strong political implications of this statement: the rulers of a city are responsible for the happiness of the people they rule (like good shepherds). Moving over to Aristotle, we see that the Nicomachean Ethics opens with a similar discussion about the nature of crafts and how they refer to notions of justice. Aristotle claims that â€Å"where there are ends apart from the actions, it is the nature of the products to be better than the activities† (Nicomachean Ethics, Chapter 1). This distinction is of great importance. Aristotle draws a line between goals and actions: actions are towards the fulfillment of goals. Aristotle, like Plato, lists several professions and remarks that these â€Å"arts† have specific goals. The art of strategy has as its goal victory, the â€Å"medical art† has as its goal health, the art of shipbuilding has as its goal the construction of a vessel, etc (Nicomachean Ethics, Chapter 1). But these specific goals cannot stand for the human function by themselves. Just like Plato, Aristotle dismisses the idea that justice is any kind of craft. Chapter 2 of Nicomachean Ethics explains this idea powerfully. According to Aristotle, politics is the â€Å"most authoritative art and that which is most truly the master art. † Politics â€Å"uses the rest of the sciences† and therefore â€Å"the end of this science must include those of the others. † Aristotle also claims that this goal (justice) is the same for both â€Å"a single man and for a state. † We may perhaps paraphrase this as: justice for individuals concerns ethics, justice for society concerns politics. We may furthermore claim that, while the human function on the level of individuals is the exercise of virtue, the human function on the level of societies would be political justice. When an individual is virtuous he can reach happiness. When a community exercises justice (or has just rulers) they can reach happiness as a whole. Plato and Aristotle reach very similar conclusions and even though they seem to be discussing justice on an individual level at first, soon we understand that their real intention is to discuss politics. The conclusions they draw (and even the examples they use) concern communities and in particular, the city-state [polis]. Another important aspect of the human function is the exercise of reason. Aristotle, in the Nicomachean Ethics, defines reason as the characteristic human trait (the main distinction between an animal and human being). According to Aristotle, biological facts such as â€Å"nutrition and growth† cannot be considered as characteristically human traits. Even the â€Å"life of perception† cannot be called the human function because â€Å"it also seems to be common to the horse, the ox, and every animal† (Nicomachean Ethics, Chapter 7). Aristotle finally arrives at a definition of the human function which includes virtue, reason, and goodness: â€Å"human good turns out to be the activity of soul in accordance with virtue, and if there are more than one virtue, in accordance with the best and most complete† (Nicomachean Ethics, Chapter 7). The human good (or the human function) is therefore the activity of the rational soul and not the human body. â€Å"By human virtue we mean not that of the body but that of the soul; and happiness also we call an activity of soul† says Aristotle (Nicomachean Ethics, Chapter 13). Plato, interestingly, uses the same example of the soul to explain justice. â€Å"Justice is a soul’s virtue† is what Socrates says in Book I of The Republic. The soul (which is rational) is superior to the body just as a good ruler is superior to the people he rules over. Both Aristotle and Plato have same approach on whether virtue has an essential role in the pursuit of happiness. Neither Plato nor Aristotle can imagine happiness without justice and virtue. The relation between virtue and happiness, according to Aristotle, is the relation between an activity and a product. When we consider the totality of his arguments in Book I, it becomes clear that virtue is the activity and happiness is the product. Happiness therefore is superior to virtue: virtue is how an individual reaches happiness. Happiness is its own purpose: it is a final state and all human activities attempt to reach this state. Whether Plato would make such a distinction is unclear. His definition of virtue is somewhat different from the modern term. According to Plato, virtue is not exclusively moral (even though the moral aspect is perhaps the most important). Plato defines virtue [arete] as what makes a good dog good, or a good horse good, or a good human good, etc (Republic, 10-11). Arete in this sense â€Å"applies to things (such as knives) which are not moral agents† (footnote, page 11). Socrates however, through Book I of The Republic, refutes Thrasymachus’ view that justice is simply the advantage of the stronger. Thrasymachus’ view is amoral and Plato rejects this view very strongly. From this we may perhaps infer that the most important aspect of virtue is its moral aspect. This definition of arete is also a description of the human function (i. e. what makes a human a human). The two philosophers, therefore, are in agreement on the issue that virtue, reason, and justice are significant aspects of human happiness. The four concepts are interrelated and each would be a good candidate for the human function. Aristotle formulates the human function as â€Å"the activity of soul in accordance with virtue. † Plato however does not reach at a fixed formula by the end of Republic, Book I. We are told that humans indeed have a function (just as organs like ears and eyes do, on page 29) and that it is impossible for the whole to be healthy unless every part is performing its function in a satisfactory manner. We are also told that every specific organ or individual has a specific kind of virtue without which they would â€Å"perform their function badly† (Republic, 30). The final addition to this argument is that it is impossible for a human being to be happy without the exercise of virtue and justice (Republic, 31). However, the exact definition of justice (without which it is impossible to define happiness) is not given at the end of Book I. Socrates makes an admission of this inability towards the end: â€Å"for when I do not know what justice is, I will hardly know whether it is a kind of virtue or not, or whether a person who has it is happy or unhappy† (Republic, 31). The two philosophers therefore share similar views on the nature of reason, happiness, justice, and virtue: all these concepts are interrelated and necessary for each other to exist. However, even though Aristotle gives a formal definition of the human function by the end of Book I in Nicomachean Ethics, Plato does not. He raises the question but the answer is not yet given.

No Child Left Behind Act Essay -- Politics Education School Learning E

No Child Left Behind Act President Bush quoted, â€Å"Clearly, our children are our future†¦Too many of our neediest children are being left behind† (www.ed.gov). The â€Å"No Child Left Behind† Act expands the federal government’s role in elementary and secondary education. The NCLB emphasizes accountability and abiding by policies set by the federal government. This law sets strict requirements and deadlines for states to expand the scope and frequency of student testing, restore their accountability system and guarantee that every classroom is staffed by a teacher qualified to teach in his or her subject area. Furthermore, the NCLB requires states to improve the quality of their schools from year to year. The NCLB pushes state governments and educational systems to help low-achieving and low-efficiency learners in high-poverty schools meet the same academic standards that apply to all other students.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many important aspects of the â€Å"No Child Left Behind† Act. I think the most important area of the act is the parents. Parents play just as an important role to the educational system as anyone else. NCLB expands parental options. NCLB supports learning in the early years, thereby preventing many learning difficulties that may arise later in the student's life. In fact, research shows that most reading problems faced by adolescents and adults are the result of problems that could have been prevented through good instruction in their early childhood years (Snow, Burns and Griffin 1998). NCLB provides more information for parents about their child’s progress. Reading and math assessments are done several times and provide parents with objective data on where their child stands academically. NCLB requires states and school districts to give parents easy-to-read, detailed report cards on schools and districts, telling them which ones are suc ceeding and why. These report cards are detailed with extensive data. NCLB ensures that parents have important information regarding the schools their children attend and whether they are performing well or not. In addition, under NCLB, such schools that are considered low-performing must use their federal funds to make needed improvements. In the event of a school’s continued poor performance, parents have the option to ensure that their children receive the high-quality education to which they are entitled. This... ...dards are one of the main topics of educational and political rhetoric and debate in this decade. One of the major reasons for this controversy is that it is almost impossible to separate standards from assessment of student progress and teacher and school accountability. Therefore, parents are at somewhat of a crossroad.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With the right amount of funding and the proper objectives from government, the education reform could grow to be a huge success. As for right now, it is still under reform, and with certain changes comes certain conflicts. The goal at hand seems to be an effort to put all students, no matter what race, gender, income-status, etc. at the same academic standing as all other students. This is an extremely difficult task with many students being at different learning abilities. President Bush is not going to give up and maintain his fight for better education. Our country, noted as the greatest nation in the world, deserves to give our children the right to an excellent education. The children of today are the men and women of the future. Therefore, the â€Å"No Child Left Behind† Act is a great step forward for teachers, parents and students across the country.

Ergonomics

The aim of this study is to investigate the isometric strength or MVC (maximum voluntary contraction) by measuring grip strength, arm strength, leg strength, torso strength and key pinch strength. So that each participant’s strength percentile values in the population for each strength category can be calculated and human biomechanical capabilities and relative variability in human capabilities can be understood by comparing the data collected. Also the effects of the factors, like grip span, wrist posture or using the dominant side, on each of the strength categories can be examined. . INTRODUCTION Isometric strength is the force that a muscle group can exert without movement. Maximum Isometric strength is the maximum force that a muscle group can exert without movement. It is also called MVC (maximum voluntary contraction). Some of the widely used isometric strengths are: arm strength, shoulder strength, composite (leg) strength, back (torso) strength, grip strength and pinc h strength. All of the strength categories are measured for the subjects excluding for the ones having health problems about their waist.These measurements are done by using Caldwell Protocol, which says that after a build-up time of about 2 seconds, the subject is required to maintain a steady state maximal exertion for at least 3 seconds and this (average) level is taken as the subject’s strength score. So that we can say that, in general, the isometric strength measurement procedure requires individuals to build-up their muscular exertion slowly over a 4-6 seconds period, without jerking, and maintain the peak exertion for about 3 seconds. This peak exertion (3 sec average) is the isometric strength of the individual.No external motivation should be provided. A break of at least 30 seconds should be provided between successive exertions if only a few measurements are to be made. It is necessary to increase the rest duration to 2 minutes if about 15 measurements are to be m ade in one test session. This additional rest is necessary to recover from fatigue generated due to the isometric exertion (Mital and Kumar, 1998). While measuring the strength categories, the effects of some factors like elbow angle, wrist posture, grip span and using dominant or non-dominant side are observed.The orientation of the arm influences human isometric strength exertion capability. As the arm orientation changes the mechanical advantage also changes, resulting in weaker or stronger strength exertions. Also the wrist orientation is critical in generating isometric torques with non-powered hand tools. Approximately 70% more torque is exerted when wrenches are in the horizontal position than when they are in vertical positions (Mital and Kumar, 1998). Therefore, by using some statistical techniques like ANOVA (Analysis of Variance), the significance of the factors that are mentioned before is tested. . OBJECTIVES The main objective of this study is to investigate the isomet ric strength or MVC (maximum voluntary contraction) by measuring grip strength, arm strength, leg strength, torso strength and key pinch strength. So that each participant’s strength percentile values in the population for each strength category can be calculated and human biomechanical capabilities and relative variability in human capabilities can be understood by comparing the data collected.Also the effects of the factors, like grip span, wrist posture or using the dominant side, on each of the strength categories can be examined. 4. METHODS The experimental task consisted of performing isometric handgrip, pinch grip and lifting contractions for the combinations of the levels of wrist posture, grip-span and by using the dominant or non-dominant side in a standing posture. The equipments used are handgrip dynamometer, pinch grip dynamometer and lift platform.Our lab group conducting this study consists of two female and a male student, which are all right-handed and served as subjects. While measuring the grip strength the combinations of neutral wrist posture with the 5 grip-span settings, vary from 33mm to 85mm, are used. For the 2nd setting the combinations with the wrist flexion and wrist extension are measured too. Then non-dominant side MVC in neutral posture in 3rd setting for males and in 2nd setting for females, and dominant side MVC keeping the wrist in neutral posture and the elbow at 150o angle are measured.The reason for using the 3rd setting for males and 2nd setting for females is that, on average, 3rd setting is the standard for male hand size, and 2nd setting is the standard for female hand size. After finishing the grip strength measurements, the key pinch strength at neutral arm and wrist posture is measured. After all, by using the lifting platform, MVC for arm, leg and torso strength are measured. While measuring all types of strength categories Caldwell protocol is used and all of the measurements are done as two trials. The dat a including only the maximum recordings can be seen from the table below: Table 4. : Collected Data for All Group Members for All Strength Categories |Name |Dominant Grip |Non-dominant |Dominant |Arm | | |Strength(MVC) |GS (MVC) |side GS at |Lift | | | | |elbow 150: | | |Female |16. 43 |4. 47 |19. 6 |17 | |Male |37. 86 |6. 69 |44. 81 |19 | The following table combines the data collected from the subjects with the data taken from the population. By looking at it, one can say that for males, with respect to grip strength, our sample mean, 37. 86 is about the 25% tile in strength, which means, Gurkan has more strength than about 25% of the population. And by using the same way, we can say that our female subjects have more strength than 2% of the population on average.And the information like percentiles for the rest of strength categories can be seen in a same manner from the table below. Table 5. 2: The percentiles of small group and data comparison with the population [pic] Another result from the study is the relationship between grip strength and grip-span and wrist/elbow posture. In order to understand the effects, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test is done. Our ANOVA hypothesis is as the following; H0:The group means are not different. H1:The group means are different. For the ANOVA results we can look at the following table to investigate he r-squared values, p-values and f values to understand the effects and relationships. According to the results taken; the highest p-valued factor is the wrist posture which has 3 levels of extension, neutral and flexion. Then comes the elbow posture and finally the grip-span. Table 5. 3: R-squared, p-value and f values of factors effecting grip strength |   |   |r-squared |p-value |f | |grip |grip – span |0. 9395 |0. 64 |3. 45 | |strength | | | | | |vs. | | | | | | |wrist posture |0. 8997 |0. 769 |0. 28 | | |elbow posture |0. 9896 |0. 321 |1. 71 |The quality of the fit is given by the statistical number r-squ ared. An r-squared of 1. 0 would mean that the model fit the data perfectly, with the line going right through every data point. More realistically, with real data you'd get an r-squared of around 0. 85. Finally in order to support the other techniques we have looked at the result of the Tukey’s test. 5. DISCUSSION The implication of strength measurements in Ergonomic Intervention and the uses and importance of strength data in ergonomic intervention can be explained by the means of the following concepts.Many industrial activities are performed through human intervention. It is generally accepted that knowledge of what a person can or cannot do under specified circumstances is essential for efficient work design and injury prevention. Human strength recommendations for tool design and work and workspace design have also been receiving considerable attention. Lack of design guidelines and screening procedures can lead to overloading of the muscle-tendon –bone-joint sys tem and, thereby, fatigue and possible consequent injuries. As a matter of fact, Chaffin et al. (1978) have reported that the incidence rate of back injuries ustained on the job increased when the job strength requirements exceeded isometric strengths of the workers. Human strengths of individuals thus form the basis for many design data bases and screening procedures. Therefore we can say that the overall intent of these developments is to reduce injuries and, in the process, maximize industrial productivity. 6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The results indicate that although there’s not a significant difference, the optimum grip-span setting for the males is the 3rd, for the females is the 2nd setting as it’s been told in the literature.These findings were supported by the results of tukey’s test, which shows that the maximum strength is achieved with these settings. Also when we look at the R-squared values from the ANOVA test applied to understand the rela tionship between grip strength and grip-span and wrist/elbow posture, we can see that the effect is not so significant because of the large R-squared values. But if we want to sort them, wrist posture is the most significant, and then grip-span and elbow posture come respectively, where it can be seen easily from the table below: Table 7. : R-squared values for the factors effecting grip strenth |   |   |r-squared | |grip |grip – span |0. 9395 | |strength | | | |vs. | | | |wrist posture |0. 8997 | | |elbow posture |0. 9896 | Although the effect is not significant, the study suggests that grip span of a tool and the posture of wrist and elbow are important factors to be considered.From this study it can be understood that the isometric strength measurement is inexpensive and flexible. But the major disadvantage of isometric testing is that only one joint angle is tested at a time. If different joint angles need to be tested, the process must be repeated for each angle. The refore as a further study, ways to test different joint angles one at a time can be studied. REFERENCES Eksioglu, M. , 2006. Optimal work-rest cycles for an isometric intermittent gripping task as a function of force, posture and grip span.Ergonomics, 49, 180-201. Eksioglu, M. , 2004. Relative optimum grip span as a function of hand anthropometry. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 34, 1-12. Mital, A. , Kumar, S. , 1998. Human muscle strength definitions, measurement, and usage: Part I – Guidelines for the practitioner. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 22, 101-121. Mital, A. , Kumar, S. , 1998. Human muscle strength definitions, measurement, and usage: Part II – The scientific basis (knowledge base) for the guide.International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 22, 123-144. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Confidence_interval http://talkstats. com/showthread. php? t=2460 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Analysis_of_variance http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Student's_t-test http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Multiple_comparisons http://www. le. ac. uk/bl/gat/virtualfc/Stats/mult. htm APPENDIX A) Descriptive statistics of the collected sample data (mean, std. dev. , and range only). In calculations, we have considered only the highest values but not all trial values. Table A. Descriptive Statistics of the collected sample data | | |Descriptive Statistics: FEMALE | | | |Variable Mean StDev Variance Range | |FEMALE 16,43 4,47 19,96 17,0 | | | |Descriptive Statistics: MALE | | |Variable Mean StDev Variance Range | |MALE 37,86 6,69 44,81 19,00 | B) Each participant’s strength percentile values in the population for each strength category (pinch strength calculations excluded). Again, we have considered only the highest values but not all trial values. Table B. 1 Grip strength percentile calculations | |Descriptive Statistics: Dicle; Duygu; Gurkan | | | |Variable Q1 Median Q3 IQR | |Dicle 10,00 15,00 17,00 7,00 | |Duygu 15,00 19, 00 20,00 5,00 | |Gurkan 33,00 36,00 43,00 10,00 |Table B. 2 Leg, arm, torso strength percentiles measured for each participant | | |Descriptive Statistics: ARM. M; LEG. F; LEG. M; TORSO. M; TORSO. F;ARM. DYG; ARM. DCL | | | |Variable Q1 Median Q3 IQR | |ARM.M * 34,300 * * | |LEG. F * 48,40 * * | |LEG. M * 109,90 * * | |TORSO. M * 119,1 * * | |TORSO. F * 53,00 * * | |ARM.DYG * 15,650 * * | |ARM. DCL * 11,20 * * | C) 95% confidence interval for the true average grip strength, based on the sample data. [pic] C. I. for alpha = 0. 05 For males: (30. 334 , 45. 386) For females: (9. 466 , 23. 394) These intervals say that; in 95 of 100 trials these intervals contain the true average grip strength. D) Grip-strength vs. grip-width and wrist/elbow posture relationships: Table D. 1 ANOVA : Grip-span sets relationship General Linear Model: Value versus Grip; Member | | | |Factor Type Levels Values | |Grip fixed 5 set1; set2; set3; set4; set5 | |Member fixed 3 dicle; duygu; gurkan | | | | | |Ana lysis of Variance for Value, using Adjusted SS for Tests | | | |Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P | |Grip 4 171,60 171,60 42,90 3,45 0,064 | |Member 2 1374,40 1374,40 687,20 55,20 0,000 | |Error 8 99,60 99,60 12,45 | |Total 14 1645,60 | | | | | |S = 3,52846 R-Sq = 93,95% R-Sq(adj) = 89,41% | Table D. 2 ANOVA : Wrist posture relationship General Linear Model: values versus position; names | | | |Factor Type Levels Values | |position fixed 3 ext; flex; neutral | |names fixed 3 dicle; duygu; gurkan | | | | | |Analysis of Variance for values, using Adjusted SS for Tests | | | |Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P | |position 2 18,67 18,67 9,33 0,28 0,769 | |names 2 1178,00 1178,00 589,00 17,67 0,010 | |Error 4 133,33 133,33 33,33 | |Total 8 1330,00 | | | | | |S = 5,77350 R-Sq = 89,97% R-Sq(adj) = 79,95% | Table D. 3 ANOVA : Elbow position relationship |General Linear Model: numbers versus elbow. ; members | | | |Factor Type Levels Values | |elbow. p fixed 2 ds150; neutral | |members fixe d 3 dicle; duygu; gurkan | | | | | |Analysis of Variance for numbers, using Adjusted SS for Tests | | | |Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P |elbow. p 1 6,00 6,00 6,00 1,71 0,321 | |members 2 660,33 660,33 330,17 94,33 0,010 | |Error 2 7,00 7,00 3,50 | |Total 5 673,33 | | | | | |S = 1,87083 R-Sq = 98,96% R-Sq(adj) = 97,40% |The quality of the fit is given by the statistical number r-squared. An r-squared of 1. 0 would mean that the model fit the data perfectly, with the line going right through every data point. More realistically, with real data you'd get an r-squared of around 0. 85. So that, we can say that the effect of the factors investigated is not significant by looking at the large R-squared values. E) Comparison analysis among the data collected (Analysis of Variance, multiple comparison and t-tests, as necessary). In testing the null hypothesis that the population mean is equal to a specified value  ? 0, one uses the statistic [pic] where  s  is the  sample standar d deviation  of the sample and  n  is the sample size.The degrees of freedom used in this test is  n  ? 1. Also we can use the Multiple Comparison Tests, which are a group of tests that follow on from one or two-factor ANOVA or the Kruskal-Wallis test,  but only if significant differences have been found. It would appear that they could be used on their own but because they are not as powerful as ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis, they can occasionally fail to find differences when the former succeed. They are used for exactly the same reasons that ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis are used, but provide more information. ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis can only tell you whether there is a difference between two or more of your groups and not which ones.We made ANOVA test for the grip-span settings, elbow/wrist posture and dominant/non-dominant side usage. When we look at the R-squared values from the ANOVA results, we fail to reject the null hypothesis; H0: The group means are not different. H1: The group means are different. Because, we have large R-squared values. And also by looking at the F and p-values,which is a small value, we can say that there is not a significant difference between the test groups. There is no need to conduct Tukey test because of failing to reject the null hypothesis, but despite of this situation we have conducted to support our previous results. And again we saw that there is not a significant difference. C25 = set1 subtracted from: | | | |C25 Lower Center Upper ——-+———+———+———+– | |set2 -27,59 5,00 37,59 (————*————) | |set3 -26,26 6,33 38,93 (————-*————) | |set4 -32,59 0,00 32,59 (————*————) | |set5 -35,26 -2,67 29,93 (————*————) | |— —-+———+———+———+– | |-25 0 25 50 | In this test, set 1 is compared with the other sets’ average. And as it can be seen the sets are not significantly different, there is only a slight difference, because the range includes â€Å"0†. So that there’s chance that different sets give the same results. TUKEY’S TEST FOR SETS: One-way ANOVA: C26 versus C25 | | | |Source DF SS MS F P | |C25 4 172 43 0,29 0,877 | |Error 10 1474 147 | |Total 14 1646 | | | |S = 12,14 R-Sq = 10,43% R-Sq(adj) = 0,00% | | | | | |Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on | |Pooled StDev | |Level N Mean StDev ——-+———+———+———+– | |set1 3 21,67 12,42 (————*————) | |set2 3 26,67 14,15 (————*————) | |set3 3 28,00 13,75 (—à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€*————) | |set4 3 21,67 10,60 (————*————) | |set5 3 19,00 9,00 (————*————) | |——-+———+———+———+– | |12 24 36 48 | | | |Pooled StDev = 12,14 | | | | |Tukey 95% Simultaneous Confidence Intervals | |All Pairwise Comparisons among Levels of C25 | | | |Individual confidence level = 99,18% | | | | | |C25 = set1 subtracted from: | | | |C25 Lower Center Upper ——-+———+———+———+– | |set2 -27,59 5,00 37,59 (————*————) | |set3 -26,26 6,33 38,93 (————-*————) | |set4 -32,59 0,00 32,59 (————*————) | |set5 -35,2 6 -2,67 29,93 (————*————) | |——-+———+———+———+– | |-25 0 25 50 | | | | | |C25 = set2 subtracted from: | | | |C25 Lower Center Upper ——-+———+———+———+– | |set3 -31,26 1,33 33,93 (————-*————) | |set4 -37,59 -5,00 27,59 (————*————) | |set5 -40,26 -7,67 24,93 (————*————) |——-+———+———+———+– | |-25 0 25 50 | | | | | |C25 = set3 subtracted from: | | | |C25 Lower Center Upper ——-+———+———+———+– | |set4 -38,93 -6,33 26,26 (——â€⠀Ã¢â‚¬â€*————-) | |set5 -41,59 -9,00 23,59 (————*————) | |——-+———+———+———+– | |-25 0 25 50 | | | | | |C25 = set4 subtracted from: | | | |C25 Lower Center Upper ——-+———+———+———+– | |set5 -35,26 -2,67 29,93 (————*————) | |——-+———+———+———+– | | | |-25 0 25 50 | E) CONTINUED Comparison of our data with population data. In order to compare, we should calculate the percentiles; Calculating percentiles for a value relative to a population with known mean (50th %tile) and standard deviation (assuming normal distribution): 1. Calculate z. [pic] z = (37,86 – 40. 5)/3. 84 = -0,69 2. Look up the z val ue from the table of â€Å"cumulative probabilities of the standard normal distribution. † z = -0,69 is about 0. 25 so the percentile is 25% for the first calculation.Here is the table of our all computations taken from EXCEL: Table E. 1 Comparison of our data with population data [pic] The following table combines the data collected from the subjects with the data taken from the population. By looking at it, one can say that for males, with respect to grip strength, our sample mean, 37. 86 is about the 25% tile in strength, which means, Gurkan has more strength than about 25% of the population. And by using the same way, we can say that our female subjects have more strength than 2% of the population on average. And the information like percentiles for the rest of strength categories can be seen in a same manner from the table above.

Forensic Psychology and Jury Selection Essay

Modern criminal trial practice demands that the law as an academic discipline cannot exist in a vacuum; quite the contrary, the law must be viewed as an overriding set of principles which must be viewed in conjunction with other academic disciplines (Carson & Bull, 2003). This is particularly true in the case of jury selection in criminal trials where the law has been combined with forensic psychology. This essay will discuss the policy underlying the incorporation of forensic psychology into formal criminal proceedings, the precise role of the forensic psychologist in jury selection, and what types of juror risk factors are of particular interests to prosecutors and defense attorneys. Forensic Psychology and the Law If the purpose of the legal process is the discovery of truth, and the guarantee of justice, then it is essential that legal procedures facilitate these objectives. Jury selection, the research has demonstrated, has contributed to many miscarriages of justice in criminal cases; indeed, one scholar has pointed out that In the incidence of capital cases, the U. S. Supreme Court has recognized what research has long shown: Jurors often make sentencing decisions prematurely, and they often base their decisions on their personal reactions to the defendant, their confusion about the rules of law, and their lack of understanding regarding their own role and responsibilities (Schroeder, Guin, Pogue & Bordelan, 2006). As a result of this well-known data, efforts have been made to provide for better jury selection procedures. This has involved a multidisciplinary approach in which lawyers, both prosecutors and defense attorneys, have retained the services of forensic psychologists in order to make better decisions during voir dire. On the one hand, it is hoped as a matter of sound public policy that intelligent jurors will be selected and that truth and justice will prevail. One the other hand, the potential for abuse of the criminal justice system exists because prosecutors and defense attorneys may use the juror profiles prepared by the forensic psychologists in order to win their case rather than to ensure a neutral type of justice. Forensic Psychology and Jury Selection Generally speaking, a forensic psychologist is enlisted in criminal trials in order to make psychological assessments about individuals and a certain set of facts underlying a particular type of criminal case. Jan Mills Saeth, a jury consultant who works with forensic psychologists in order to conduct voir dire on behalf of clients in criminal cases, has stated that â€Å"Jury selection includes helping the trial team eliminate risky jurors, and I help develop a juror profile, voir dire questions, and jury questionnaires. (â€Å"Behavioral Profiling: A Panel of Experts,† 2007). Generally speaking, therefore, the fundamental purpose of the forensic psychologist is to identify potentially risky jurors. What constitutes a risk depends on who the forensic psychologist is representing and whether the nature of the particular criminal allegations. Risk refers to some factor or set of factors which might predispose a potential juror to making certain types of assumptions, to harboring certain types of bias, or to in some way being psychologically disinclined to vote in favor of the forensic psychologist’s client. There are numerous tools employed by forensic psychologists in order to assess a juror’s risk factors during the jury selection process. These tools may include written questions, oral questions posed by an attorney after consultation with the forensic psychologist, and other non-verbal clues. The totality of this information is collected and the forensic psychologist then constructs a series of juror profiles which the attorney can then review in order to decide which jurors to retain and which jurors to challenge or dismiss. One of the difficulties is the fact that, in criminal trials, prosecutors and defense attorneys are zealous adversaries. They are thus required to seek to present their case in the light most favorable to their respective clients; to this end, as is relevant to this paper, the prosecutors and the defense attorneys are interested in jurors whom will be the most receptive to their particular version of the facts, whom are most likely to be swayed by certain facts and witnesses, and whom are most likely to rule in their favor (Tsushima & Anderson, 1996). A prosecutor will seek jurors that possess some psychological tendency to agree with the case in general, to sympathize with law enforcement or a particular type of victim, or some other type of bias that supports their case. Psychological traits favored by many prosecutors include a trust or confidence in authority figures, a generalized conception that the American criminal justice system is fair and reasonable, and a psychological tendency to agree with majority opinions. A defense attorney will be concerned with similar issues; however, the defense will also want to choose jurors whom possess a different set of psychological traits. More specifically, a defense attorney will seek individuals that distrust rather than trust authority figures, that question more than acquiesce to majority opinions, and that demonstrate strong feelings of sympathy or empathy. Conclusion In the final analysis, while forensic psychology can be enormously useful in predicting juror behavior, it can also be misused if prosecutors and defense attorneys do not place professional ethics above the winning of criminal cases. The goal of jury selection ought to be the selection of a jury which will weigh evidence objectively and critically without falling back on extraneous information in order to render a verdict. Forensic psychologists can contribute meaningfully to the criminal justice system, but it is necessary to make sure that their psychological insights are not used by unscrupulous prosecutors and defense lawyers to pervert truth and justice.

Civil war songs essays

Civil war songs essays Our Flag is There is a song for the union army. The lyrics talk about Fort Sumter, and how the Union flag waves there. The song talks about Andersons forces and the battle they had to go through protecting the Fort. They speak of the south as traitors of freedom, and desire to be annihilated. The song was meant to inspire Unionist to protect the precious fort. So the song was trying to build spirit so that people would join the Unions cause in greater numbers. This Union marching song was basically a battle cry (as the name implies) supporting the norths beliefs in that every one should be free. The lyrics show how patriotic they are to their opinions, and their side of the war. The lyrics say that for every man they lose, they will have a million men replacing them. Again they refer to the south as the traitors. They show that no matter what class you are, you still have to fight for your side in the war. This marching song is meant to raise the soldiers spirits and remind them what they are fighting for. This song is obviously written for the Union army, because it talks about a blue coat, which is the norths color. The song is about a tired old soldier, who died in the field of battle. He is now going to heaven to get out of his blue and, in the white robe. This is an unknown soldier who no one knows who he is. He died alone with no one by his side, so the union army honor him. This song is used to inspire the Union soldiers to fight for the unknown soldier, and win in his memory. ...

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 5

Economics - Essay Example According to an academic understanding, term aggregate is recognised on the basis of demand and supply which include Aggregate Demand (AD) and Aggregate Supply (AS) (Gwartney & et. al., 2012). In this essay, the discussion highly focuses on the concept of Aggregate Supply (AS). The discussion also incorporates an analysis of three key factors that might cause the AS curve to shift using appropriate graphical illustrations. Additionally, the discussion includes the example of the UK in terms of analysing the major influencing factors on the country’s aggregate supply portfolios. The concept of Aggregate Supply (AS) in economics principally represents the existing relationship among the price and the quantity level with the total amount of goods or services supplied. In general, the concept of AS refers to the overall supply of commodities and services produced within a particular nation (Mankiw, 2014). The changes in the AS curve are generally influenced by a number of factors of a particular nation. However, the change in the AS curve shift is primarily influenced by three key factors that include economic growth, change in input price and substitution effect of goods/services of that particular country. The positive growth rate in an economy is resulted by the increase in productive resources including labour and capital of a country. The availability of abundant labour and/or capital resources helps to produce extensive numbers of final goods and/or services as well as provide support to increase the annual GDP growth rates. In this regard, a positive growth rate of economy of a country is represented by a shift towards the right of the AS curve. On the other hand, the lower growth rate of economy represents shift towards the left side of the AS curve (Mankiw, 2014). In relation to the current economic performance of the UK, the country has been witnessing unabated fluctuation

Equal Rights for All Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Equal Rights for All - Essay Example They have equal political rights and they can cast their votes with complete authority. Although the ERA promised so much for the equal rights for women but it wasn’t implemented because only 35 states approved it and approval of minimum 38 states is required to pass the amendment in the constitution. The ideas of John Stuart Mill’s article have been discussed in the lecture stating that the biggest hindrance in the betterment of the society is not allowing the rights to the women. He is a strong advocate of equal rights for women in every sector of life. Social relations between men and women should not be dominated by any sex. His beliefs and motives have a great political and social impact. As the time is moving ahead, the role of women is becoming quite vital in the society. He strongly condemns shifting of power on either side. He is quite stern against the rights given to one sex only; while the other being deprived of even basic facilities of life (Mill). In his article, John Stuart Mill presents some harsh facts that pose hindrance to implementation of the ERA in the US society. Most of the people are not in favor of giving equal rights to both sexes. They consider that the men are superior creatures and they should be given priority over women.

INTRODUCTION TO HUMANITIES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

INTRODUCTION TO HUMANITIES - Essay Example The ancient Egyptians believed that real life began after the death of the body. It is for this purpose that so much deliberation and concern went into organizing the places where bodies would be brought to rest at the moment of death. The rich had the walls of their tombs carved exquisitely, and rich foods and jewels as well, were left there along with the body. The walls of the tombs also depicted Egyptian gods leading the person’s soul through judgment, and finally to his allotted area. Poor Egyptians were buried in the sand, but also made efforts to ensure that their bodies would first be mummified. (Bishop, 1999) The preservation of the body was very important to ancient Egyptians. They believed that a soul would need it in the next life and so took measures to ensure its maintenance. Mummification, an embalming process that took 70 days, was done to dry the body. Large amounts of natron were also employed to hasten the drying process. Canopy jars were then utilized to hold the mummified remains of the body parts that had been removed. The early Minoans in northern and eastern Crete were also seemingly preoccupied with the dead. They carved out in caves, elaborate house tombs for their dead, a norm that suggests that they considered that the deceased person would go on with a new life in death and that he would need his house (Bishop, 1999). Even in ancient China, the populace believed that the soul of a dead person continued to exist in another form once it left the body. It was deemed that it would require everything it possessed in earthly life to be comfortable. The ancient Chinese slaughtered the livestock and actual family of the deceased so that they could accompany him in his new existence. This was a practice observed by many ancient cultures inclusive of the Egyptians (Bishop, 1999). Today’s death practices in various parts of the world involve morticians

Providing care with limited reimbursment Coursework

Providing care with limited reimbursment - Coursework Example All the patients who come here require serious services that can not be provided by everyone, but by a few dedicated and committed nurses. So, upon a successful completion of my training, I will need to evaluate the performance of each nurse. The one who displays a high degree of professionalism will be considered for employment (Masters, 2000). As an experienced professional, I strongly believe in the quality of education being offered at the nursing training colleges. So, anyone who graduates with a degree must be a hard working professional. They have got all the theoretical knowledge and practical skills that is necessary for them in the field. Therefore, if given an opportunity to nurture their talents, they can come out as exceptional professionals. It is for this reason that I do take my precious time to provide them with the necessary mentorship on exactly what to do when on duty. I prefer fresh graduates because they are still new in the field. Despite having little experience, the truth is that these are highly motivated professionals with lots of ambitions and expectations. Having just taken the oath, they are still committed to strictly complying with the ethical codes of conduct for the nurses (McHale & Gallagher, 2003). Therefore, there will be no doubt that the new graduates will be serving the patients with the expected degree of benevolence, sincerity and confidentiality. So, these are qualities that I have to consider while making a choice of my nurse. Apart from being thoroughly trained at the university, I should ensure that vigorously mentor these nurses. Focusing on issues like practical skills, theoretical knowledge and the general application of nursing ethical codes of conduct are paramount (McHale & Gallagher, 2003). Once I gauge and ensure that they are upheld, I will not hesitate to engage that particular graduate. He deserves to be a

Importance Of Environmental Scanning Marketing Essay

Importance Of Environmental Scanning Marketing Essay This study is regarding the EMI Music Company, EMI group is a worldwide music library from one corner to another corner of the world. This study is only focusing on the UK music market to come up with the marketing planning and the marketing strategy of the company. In the start this information is generous a concise opening of the environmental scanning and its consequence in stipulations of EMI music library. Additionally this study take part in marketing analysis through acting the macro, micro and swot analysis. The end of this report is take part in analysis the Uk music industry and Additionally this study is performing the market analysis via performing the macro, micro and SWOT analysis. In the last part of this report is analysing the UK music market and reinforcement the business of music in esteem to EMI Music group. This study is illustrating the marketing mix 4Ps and PORTERS 5 forces. The report is ending with some recommendation for EMI Music Company to plan their business in terms of marketing planning on the basis of study that is done. Environmental Scanning Every organisation is responsible for the environment that it creates. The organisations operation and structure all directly affected by the environment. Organisations environment impacts on resources and opportunities that how they can be treated? It is primary objective of the organisation to take care of the companys operations that how they are affecting the environment. For the successful growth and development of business it is important to develop such a strategies those can be assist operate the business operations. [1] To understand the environmental scanning it is important to identify the business and how it can affect the environment business around. The definition of Environmental scanning is Environmental scanning is a process of gathering, analyzing, and dispensing information for tactical or strategic purposes. The environmental scanning process entails obtaining both factual and subjective information on the business environments in which a company is operating or c onsidering entering. The environmental scanning can be achieved by several ways but three important ways of scanning environment are given below: Ad-hoc Scanning: Very unpredicted and short-term, mostly used in emergencies or crisis. Regular Scanning: This scanning process being done after a certain period but regularly (e.g once in a quarter or once in a year) Continuous Scanning: This is an ongoing process and remains in continuous state, have broad range of spectrum. The work of researcher through many studies, surveys and researches shows, now a days most of the business likes to implement the continuous scanning. The continuous scanning allows businesses to take actions very quickly and effectively with keep tracking the work. Importance of Environmental Scanning Environmental scanning is important for the organisation to step out or find the exact solution for companys procedure. Environmental scanning helps organisations to improve or enhance the ability of working for changing environment in stable means. The following highlighted points are given below: It enables organisation to gain capitalise of the business in early stages of the business as compare to their competitor. Environmental scanning give alerts to the organisation well before time for the impending problems. These problems can be handled and solutions can be found well before time if they are noticed well before time. This process sensitises the companys exact time of changing in environment process to meet the wishes and desire of their potential customers. This scanning process helps to find out the qualitative information in regards to the environment to assist the strategist to find the best suitable strategies for the company. It helps to strategy making bodies in their decision making process by providing them the simulation of the resource and risks. Give more opportunities to increase the business and adds extra points in the good will of the company by adding the ability of environment scanning person. It provides opportunity to companys executive in continuing the broad based studies. Helps the strategy developers in finding the latest and up-to date strategies for the organisation. Macro Environment Environment scanning is most commonly done on the macro level. The macro level analysis may contain the definition of the market, analysing the market size, potential market, market segmentation, structuring the industry, group management, competition, finding the market trends. The Macro analysis in the industry of music is defined as: In music theory, macro analysis is a method of transcribing, or writing down chords that may be used along with or instead of conventional musical analysis. Rather than roman numerals and figured bass symbols often used, letter names are used to indicate the roots of chords and are followed by symbols which specify the chord quality Market segmentation Market segmentation is very common term to identify the group of people or organisations those have the some common characteristics and need a same or similar product for the cause. According to market analysts the market segmentation may have the criteria. The different segments have different needs but it is necessary that same segment have the same need and using the same product to fulfil their needs. These groups can be further more categorised by the consumption of products by according to their needs. The market segmentation can be concerned and can be viewed in more detail as positive or negative applications of the same idea. Variables Used for market segmentation: In general terminology the market can be segmented on Geographical locations, demographic attributes, psychographic, behaviour of people and technological segmentation. SWOT Analysis Strength Strong global presence EMI Group, PLC has a worldwide market in nearly 50 countries; among its major market are North America, Continental Europe, Latin America, UK Ireland, Australia, Japan and Asia. World largest independent music company In 2002, EMI worldwide market share is 12.6%. Its large size gives many benefits such as cost reduction through economic of scale. Vast resources and strong market share also give the benefit of being able to attract the best staff and artists to the company which have a strong position for the future. Financial Performance Although EMI Group sales in fiscal 2003 decline compared to 2002, the company operating profit show excellent increased about 33.1% in 2003 compare to 2002. The improvement in operating profit was due to a comprehensive reorganization of EMI Record Music Division. World class artist roster EMI releases more than 1000 albums every year and has a roster of over 1300 artists. Among them are David Bowie, The Beatles, Norah Jones, Queen, Robbie William and many more. Weaknesses Difficulties in the US Market EMI has consistently been towards the bottom of the five majors in the US market share, which is the world largest recorded music market in the world. In 2003 it only command 9.8 % of US market share. Dont have conglomerate backing-EMI is the only top five music company that solely independent which not being own by larger corporation. This mean EMI has to generate its own resources without any help from other larger company. Decreasing in worldwide market share EMI Group, PLC worldwide market share dipped from 13.4% in 2002 to 12.6% in 2003. The worldwide decreasing were resulted from the decreasing of EMI Group market share in several major region in 2003 compared from 2002 which included North America (-0.03%), UK Ireland (-0.01%), Continental Europe (-1.7%), Latin America (-2.6%) and Australia (-0.10%). Opportunities Joint Venture / collaboration With recent merger attempts being stopped, EMI consolidation within the industry is becoming more difficult. Internet sales Internet has become the fastest growing media for music distribution and many analysts expect that the downloading trends will continue to grow in a future. More Open MA regulatory More open or liberalization of MA in music industry may increase EMI Group opportunity to acquire or merge with other music company. This will give EMI added market share and resources to compete with other major music companies. Focus on market where it has a strong market share and growth Although North America especially US is the biggest market for recorded music, however it seem that EMI having trouble to keep competing to gain more market share. Maybe EMI has to give more focus or gaining more in the market that it has a strong share such as UK Ireland, Australasia and Continental Europe. EMI also has to focus more in growing market region such as Japan and Asia. Threats Limited growth potential for recorded music The worldwide recorded music industry posted sales of $32 billion in 2002. The figure represent a 7% decline in Dollar sales and an 8% decrease in unit volume from 2001. Compared to 2001, sales of CD albums fell globally by 6% and there more continued declines in the sales of CD singles (down 16%) and cassettes (down 36%). These show that is very difficult to find growth opportunities in the market. Poor economics condition and exchange rate fluctuation As a global company operating in many countries worldwide, EMI Group, LTC is easily be vulnerable to the deteriorating economic condition worldwide and fluctuation in exchange rates and interest rates. These can often adversely affect both revenues and profits for the company. Filling low In early September 2003, RIAA filed 261 separate lawsuits in US against individuals engaged in unauthorized file sharing. Industry analysts expected that litigation would have a short-run dampening effect on unauthorized CD downloading and burning. However it was viewed as having a minima long-run effect on this practice. Aggressive Competition The recorded music industry is very competitive which dominates by five larger companies which included Universal Music Group, Sony Music Entertainment, Warner Music Group, BMG Entertainment and EMI Group, PLC. EMI has to always consider any action from competitors which may effect the company competitive position. UK Music Market Before continuing to any marketing strategy it is important to understand the market of the geographical location and trends of the targeted market. For this analysis it is important to understand the concept of the music industrys content and structure. The Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) offers a description of the music industry as involving businesses and organisations that record, produce, publish, distribute and market recorded music. In addition to these, four main stakeholders characterize the music industry the artist, the consumers, the music agents and the distributors. However, in seeking to define the industry it is acknowledged that no one definition can capture its diverse nature in terms of (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) musical activity and commerce. In commercial terms the global music industry is a multibillion dollar segment of the media industries and has reached a stage of maturity in its lifecycle. However with the rise of the digital era, it is undergoing signific ant transformation. With a core business sector comprising the record companies and music publishers, the global music industry transcends national boundaries and pervades virtually every culture and every society. Marketing Mix 4 Ps Product: Once EMI has taken control to the UK music market for the marketing of their products, it is the responsibility of the management to make the desired strategies which will explore products in country which also can raise their market share price. EMI has to look for their strategies according to the need of music listener and their needs and should the product as accordingly. [8] Price: Price is very important factor to be notice before planning any marketing plans and it mostly depends upon the area and the population. Everyone buys product according to pocket and if any rivals in the same area where EMI operates unable to low their cost, EMI can get the competitive advantage by keeping themselves in the market. In UK at present EMI offers promotions on mostly of their products and all promo prices are still cheaper then the other rivals. [8] Place: For more expansion of the business EMI need to do big investments in the areas where lands are cheap which normally localities are in the district and village and in general the public lives in those areas are of similar minded which can give extra advantage for do marketing. Also opening stores in the disadvantaged areas enable EMI to win the trust of local communities by providing them job opportunities in their stores. [8] Promotion: Promotion has a very vital role in any business revenue as if the business is not attaining their targets the best way is to use promotions 1st and if no result could come up, change the strategy. EMI and all different companies in the world use promotion to sell out their product. Keeping the product for a long time puts an extra burden for the warehouses which could leads to company loss if any of them gets out of date. During recession EMI and other rivals have good offers on their products to win the loyalty of their customers. PORTER Five Forces 1. Competition from substitutes: Within the music industry the threat of substitutes is extremely high. The internet has created an emerging source of substitute competition in the form of digital music and digital delivery. The availability of substitutes allows consumers to make performance and price comparisons with the option of switching to download music. The growth of both illicit and subscription downloading is effectively leading to the direct substitution of recorded music for digital alternatives. With little cost or inconvenience consumers are switching, to digital and online music services attracted by the value- added benefits of greater convenience, diversity of choice and lower costs compared with traditional formats. 2. Threat of entry: The threat from new entrants has increased with the growth of the internet. Lower capital investment and operational costs for online distribution has lowered the entry barriers for new independent record companies. As a direct consequence, new entrants compete on a more level playing field, where size is no longer a determinant of success or failure within the online market. With diversity of demands, new entrants have the opportunity to achieve success through niche target marketing. Furthermore with these evolutionary changes, traditional distribution channels are less relied upon and new entrants can compete through online distribution and marketing. However starting up in the music industry still involves risks, where investing in a new- artist may involve unrecoverable sunk costs. Representing a new artist requires financial resources, experience and substantial contact networks and with limited resources independents might find it hard to break in to the industry. The major pl ayers have already achieved a substantial competitive advantage with well established contact networks, global reputations and long- term relationships with artists. Their financial muscle and repertoire of artists enables them to spread risk over their range of portfolio projects. 3. Rivalry between established players: Internal rivalry and competition within the industry is high and remains tightly concentrated between Sony BMG, Universal, Warner and EMI. With the increase of independent labels entering the industry competition has increased. Large and small companies are now directly competing to attract artists and improve market share in both the physical and online markets. Due to the intense nature of this competition, decisions made by one company can influence others. For the main companies this intense rivalry means that their market share fluctuates through competition and can no longer be guaranteed. With parallelism pricing decisions CDs are priced at similar levels and as such companies are looking to their artists as a means of differentiation whilst attempting to offer the most creative channels of music distribution. 4. Bargaining power of buyers: The emergence of the digital music market has increased the strength of buyers bargaining power. Through online network communities, consumers bargaining power is strengthened by the abundance of online information. Consumers are now much more price sensitive and are becoming an empowered force, directly influencing how music is delivered and in what format. With the growing perception that they offer nothing more than capital, record companies are forced to react, reinventing their business models accordingly. 5. Bargaining power of suppliers: The bargaining power of suppliers within the industry has lowered .The artists can now choose to circumvent the suppliers by either setting up their own label or promoting their music via the internet. This has substantially increased artists control over earnings and marketing. Recommendations The following recommendations are provided in light of the key issues facing the company. EMI Group revenue has gone down 15.79% in the 2007 fiscal year and led it to low gross profit, net profit and ROCE ratios, as well as undesirable EPS figures. It is vital for EMI to offset the decline in CD sales and adapt to the changes in the environment to remain being attractive to investors and artists. With the growing power of the internet and technologies, the top management may consider to put weight into effective e-commerce marketing instead of continuing with traditional expensive marketing methods. It is also essential to understand that gaining market share in the digital music area should be highly prioritized as the trend of the music industry is clearly moving towards the technological side. Piracy has nonetheless become a serious issue in the industry with the rapid development of technology. It is highly advisable for EMI to cooperate with its competitors to target piracy. The possibility of achieving a satisfactory result against piracy is high with their dominant power in the industry. By bringing in game theory logic, it would be more sensible to work with the rivals in this scenario to protect revenues in the future. In addition to sales of record music, there are many other income generating activities such as concerts, merchandise and sponsorship. It is, of course, important that EMI continue developing its key strengths whiles adjusting its strategy to the changing environment. The quality of music produced is the core of the business; EMI should definitely try to keep successful artist as well as continuing to identify new artists with potential to growth.